Junior Cert - Past Exam Breakdown
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Select an exam below to see more information and the breakdown of this exam paper. You can see how many questions you need to answer, the marks awarded per question and also the time you should spend on each question.

 

 


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Attempt any FIVE questions.
Section A  Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions
Section B 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
  Household Budget Question Household Budget Question Household Budget Question Household Budget Question Household Budget Question Household Budget Question
  Club Account Question. Club Account Question. Club Account Question. Club Account Question. Club Account and Information Technology Question Club Question.
  Economic Growth, Inflation and Trade Question. National Budget and Trade Factors of Production, National Budget and Opportunity Cost National Budget and Economic Awareness Question Factors of Production, Economic Growth and Trade Question. Wages Question.
  Consumer Question Banking Question. Banking Question. Consumer Question People at Work and Industrial Relations Question Banking Question.
  People at Work Question. Insurance Question Consumer Question. Personal Banking Question. Insurance Question Borrowing and Consumer Question.
  Borrowing and Savings Question. Wages and People at Work Question. People at Work and Information Technology Question People at Work Question Banking and Borrowing Question. National Budget and Inflation Question
Paper 2
160 marks duration 2 hours
  2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
Question Book of First Entry, Ledger and Trial Balance Question Book of First Entry, Ledger and Trial Balance Question Book of First Entry, Ledger and Trial Balance Question Book of First Entry, Ledger and Trial Balance Question Book of First Entry, Ledger and Trial Balance Question Book of First Entry, Ledger and Trial Balance Question
  Credit Sales, Business Document and Bookkeeping Question. Purchasing, Business Documents and Bookkeeping Question. Sales, Business Documents and Bookkeeping Question Credit Sales, Business Document and Bookkeeping Question Credit Sales, Business Document and Bookkeeping Question Stocktaking, Document and Bookkeeping Question.
  Report Writing and Business Insurance Marketing Question. Employment and Industrial Relations. Cash Flow Forecast Question Employer and Wages Question. Report Writing and Insurance Question
  Final Accounts and Balance Sheet Question Final Accounts and Balance Sheet Question Final Accounts and Balance Sheet Question Final Accounts and Balance Sheet Question Final Accounts and Balance Sheet Question Final Accounts and Balance Sheet Question
  Delivery System and Wages Question. Report Writing, Business Terms and Assessing a Business Integrated Delivery Systems Question Marketing and Business Plan Question Chain of Production and Delivery Systems Question Business Finance and Loan Application Question
  Cash Flow Forecast Question Form of Ownership and Company Formation Question Analysed Cash Book and Monitoring of Overheads Question Report Writing and Assessing a Business Marketing, Savings and Service Firm s Final Account Question. Form of Ownership and Assessing a Business Question

Business Studies Junior Cert Ordinary Level
Duration 2 hours 30 minutes (300 marks)
SECTION A (100 marks) Answer all 20 questions. Each question carries 5 marks
Section A 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
  What do the following letters stand for? AGM/COD What do the following letters stand for? VAT/AIM What do the following letters stand for? PRSI/AGM What do the following letters stand for? ATM/COD What do the following letters stand for? VAT/VDU What do the following letters stand for? ATM/VAT
  Factors of Production three examples of jobs in the primary sector names in alphabetical order What is this document called are shops allowed to display the following notices In an office, filing means
  Chain of Distribution: two missing factors of production missing Ps of marketing legal tender in each country match columns match columns
  customers’ surnames in alphabetical order Name document legal tender in each country Fixed Assets in a farmer’s Balance Sheet following customers’ names in alphabetical order most appropriate word from the following list
  Study the graph and answer the questions meter readings taken from an ESB bill two uses of a computer in the running of a school Visible Export for Ireland which of the following countries are in the European Union statement showing whether it is TRUE or FALSE
  A Sole Trader is opportunity cost Visible Import for Ireland customers’ names in alphabetical order calculate the total Fixed Assets Gross Pay is
  TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS Impulse Buying means Total the Fixed Assets example of each of the following types of production Barter means two missing Factors of Production
  Bank Account and bring down the balance at the end of the month following customers’ names in alphabetical order: write the most appropriate document name most appropriate document name Name the two main accounts that a farmer Chain of Distribution:
  most appropriate word from the following list Calculate which shop offered the best value: Chain of Distribution opportunity cost of the television is write the most appropriate word Lee Leisure Ltd is the ________________________ of that cheque
  Trade Union True/False Question The three principles of Insurance are: industrial relations terms total the Current Assets: opportunity cost Inflation is
  Information Technology appropriate marketing term from the following list of six countries are in the European Union two missing Ps of marketing Balance the following Cash Account legal tender in each country
  Operating Statement Complete the following Wage Slip, showing Gross Pay, Total Deductions and Net Pay most appropriate word from the following list Complete the following sentence two missing factors of production two duties of a club Treasurer
  Ps of marketing two reasons why Ireland imports goods following cash receipt Balance the following Bank Account Place the following five business documents Calculate the total cost of the camera for Mary in euro.
  in the correct order
  note/coin analysis Fixed Assets: In insurance, indemnity means match columns Petty Cash Book following notices under Irish consumer law
  cash receipt Match Columns item listed should be in the Operating Statement or in the Balance Sheet. ‘Account Payee Only’ calculate the total number of kilometres The document which provides proof of payment is called a
  NEEDS or WANTS Balance the following Bank Account Balance the following Cash Account Calculate the total amount she paid back Calculate the total amount she withdrew two of the four Ps of Marketing.
  types of financial institution Rate of Exchange balance is a surplus or a deficit Complete the Note/Coin Analysis Slip why a household should prepare a budget methods of communication:
  Distance Table calculate Claire’s total wage most appropriate word from the following list write the most appropriate word or term whether the following jobs are in the Primary, Secondary or Services sector calculate the total Current Assets
  European Union A Trade Union is calculate John’s total wage surplus or a deficit budget: In an office, filing means Balance the following Bank Account
  A consumer who returns a faulty good that cannot be repaired is entitled to either statement showing whether it is TRUE or FALSE Complete the following sentence: A shop steward is  
SECTION B (300 marks)
Attempt any FIVE questions.
Section B 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
  Household Budget Question Household Budget Question Household Budget Question Household Budget Question Household Budget Question Household Budget Question
  Final Accounts & Balance Sheet Question. Final Accounts & Balance Sheet Question Final Accounts & Balance Sheet Question Final Accounts & Balance Sheet Question Final Accounts & Balance Sheet Question Final Accounts & Balance Sheet Question
  Borrowing and Writing a Letter Banking and Writing a Letter Consumer and Writing a Letter of Complaint Insurance and Writing a Letter Club and Writing a Letter. Information Technology and Writing a Letter
  Wages and Employment. Forms of Business Ownership Sending Money Abroad, Savings and An Post Banking and Banking Documents Wages and Documents. Wages
  Business Documents Business Documents Business Documents Business Documents Business Documents Business Documents
  Club Account Question Farm Accounts Question Petty Cash Question. Club Account Question Household Analysed Cash Book and Money/Banking Question Petty Cash Question
  Insurance Delivery Systems and Transport Delivery Systems and Marketing Employment and Wages Forms of Business. Transport and Delivery Systems
  International Trade and Rates of Exchange National Budget and Inflation Chain of Production and Economics Delivery Systems. Trade, the Economic Framework and Budgeting Forms of Business

Paper 1-180 marks- There are four Sections 1,2,3 and 4
Duration 2 hours 30 minutes 2010 2009
IT IS SUGGESTED THAT YOU SPEND ABOUT 30 MINUTES ON SECTIONS  1, 3, 4,
AND ABOUT ONE HOUR ON SECTION 2
SECTION 1: READING [40] Extract is from the book U2 BY U2 Singing for Mrs Pettigrew:A Storymaker’s Journey- Michael
  Morpurgo
SECTION 2: PERSONAL WRITING [70] 1. Music in my life.
2. Write a composition beginning with the lines, ‘I was a very cute toddler; I’ve seen the
photographs.’
3. The beauty of quiet places.
4. My most useful possessions.
5. You and some friends enter a major talent competition. Write a series of diary entries recording
your experiences.
6. Write a speech for OR against the motion: ‘All teenagers should have to participate in sport’.
7. A talent I would like to have.
8. Write a story which includes the words, ‘I wish I had listened’.
1. Magical moments from my childhood.
2. My secret life as a superhero.
3. Things that make me angry.
4. Write a composition including the line, “That really was the last straw”.
5. Write a speech for OR against the motion, “Mobile phones should be banned in schools”.
6. The rudest person I have ever met.
7. Look at the picture on Page 2 of Paper X, which accompanies this examination paper, and write
a composition inspired by it.
SECTION 3: FUNCTIONAL WRITING [30]    
SECTION 4: MEDIA STUDIES [40] GAA Ads/Snow Patrol RTE

 

Paper 1-180 marks- There are four Sections 1,2,3 and 4
Duration 2 hours 30 minutes 2008 2007
IT IS SUGGESTED THAT YOU SPEND ABOUT
30 MINUTES ON SECTIONS  1, 3, 4, AND ABOUT ONE HOUR ON SECTION 2
SECTION 1: READING [40] Charles Darwin’s Journal Capturing the Image of Science on Film
SECTION 2: PERSONAL WRITING [70] 1. “December 27th 1831. Left Devonport bound for Tierra del Fuego. The weather does not look kind
with a westerly gale blowing hard. The Beagle is a fine ship - a ten-gun brig - however …”
Continue this diary entry written by Charles Darwin’s assistant.
2. An undiscovered paradise.
3. Write a composition including the line, “It was the unfairness of it all that annoyed me most.”
4. What the world needs now.
5. I could hardly sleep with excitement. Only three more days to go …
Continue this composition.
6. Look at the picture on Page 4 of Paper X, which accompanies this examination paper, and write
a composition inspired by it.
7. Write a speech for or against the motion: ‘Young people are not taken seriously in Ireland.’
8. The most interesting place OR places I have ever been.
1. A teenager’s guide to life.
2. You are an alien visiting earth for a day. Write about your experiences, especially your reaction to
human behaviour.
3. How best to spend a Saturday afternoon.
4. Science’s contribution to the modern world – a mixed blessing.
5. Write a speech for OR against the motion, “Second level education in Ireland is a good
preparation for life”.
6. “ The day started the same as any other, nobody could have known that by evening …”
Continue this story.
7. As a result of an accident in chemistry class your teacher has shrunk to a fraction of his/her
normal size. WHAT HAPPENED NEXT?
SECTION 3: FUNCTIONAL WRITING [30]    
SECTION 4: MEDIA STUDIES [40] Radio script Advertisements

Paper 1-180 marks- There are four Sections 1,2,3 and 4  
Duration 2 hours 30 minutes   2006 2005 2004
IT IS SUGGESTED THAT YOU SPEND ABOUT  
30 MINUTES ON SECTIONS  1, 3, 4, AND ABOUT ONE HOUR ON SECTION 2  
SECTION 1: READING [40]   In Praise of Goldfish Holidays by Kate Thompson Shhhhhhhhhh!
     
SECTION 2: PERSONAL WRITING [70]        
SECTION 3: FUNCTIONAL WRITING [30]        
SECTION 4: MEDIA STUDIES [40]       Advertisements

Paper 2- 180 marks- There are three Sections 
Duration 2 hours 30 minutes   
SPEND ABOUT 45 MINUTES ON EACH SECTION
    2010 2009 2008
Section 1 -60 marks Drama 1 Coriolanus by William Shakespeare Antony and Cleopatra by William Shakespeare King Lear by William Shakespeare
Drama 2   Play by Simon Reade based on Michael Skeleton by Tanika Gupta
Same Old Moon by Geraldine Aron Morpurgo’s novel Private Peaceful
Section 2 Poetry 60 marks Cinders by Roger McGough Blessing by Pakistani poet, Imtiaz Dharker There Came a Day by Ted Hughes
Section 3 Fiction 60 marks Slam by Nick Hornby White lies by Mark O’Sullivan True Believer by Virginia Euwer

 

Paper 2- 180 marks- There are three Sections 
Duration 2 hours 30 minutes 
SPEND ABOUT 45 MINUTES ON EACH SECTION
    2007 2006 2005 2004 2003
Section 1 -60 marks Drama 1 The Taming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare The Winter’s Tale by William Shakespeare Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare The Tempest by William Shakespeare Shakespeare As you Like it
Drama 2 Galileo by Bertolt Brecht Everyman by Obudtunde Ljimere. Sean, the Fool, the Devil and the Cats by Ted Hughes The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams The Crazy Wall by J. B. Keane
   
Section 2 Poetry 60 marks The Boy Who Nearly Won the TEXACO Art Competition For Ted Hughes by Joe Kane Van Gogh’ s Yellow Chair by Mark Roper William Stafford TS Eliot Space shot Gareth Owen
Section 3 Fiction 60 marks Remembrance by Theresa Breslin Stone Cold by Robert Swindells The Love Bean by Siobhán Parkinson Fear, by Rhys Davies The Pupil by Caro Fraser

Sections 2010 2009
SECTION 1: READING NOT A DROP TO DRINK By Marie Noonan Fifty years of Tidy Towns
SECTION 2: PERSONAL WRITING A What I like or dislike about travel.
B What an adventure!
C Why I think everyone should be involved in sport.
D “I don’t believe it! That’s impossible!”
Write a composition which includes the above sentences.
E With friends like that, who needs enemies?
F Teenage years – a survival guide.
G Our local festival.
H And the winner is . . .
A I have a dream …
B Things that really frighten me.
C Write a story which at some point includes the sentence: “You should have seen
the look on her/his face…”
D The first time I met him/her.
E There are no such things as ghosts!
F My dream job.
G Friendship.
H My best present ever.
SECTION 3: FUNCTIONAL WRITING    
SECTION 4: FICTION My Dad is Amazing! Bu Ian Souter “The Door” by Margrit Cruickshank
SECTION 5: POETRY OUT OF THE FLAMES by Vincent McDonnell ONE QUESTION FROM A BULLET by John Agard
SECTION 6: DRAMA All My Sons by Arthur Miller Trouble in the works by Harold Pinter
SECTION 7: MEDIA STUDIES As You Like It?/Romeo and Juliet/ “Stop Child Labour school is the best place to work”

 

Sections 2008 2007 2006 2005
SECTION 1: READING PIRATES THE WONDERS OF THE MODERN WORLD “THE HIGHEST PLACE ON EARTH” “SINK-EATING”
SECTION 2: PERSONAL WRITING        
SECTION 3: FUNCTIONAL WRITING        
SECTION 4: FICTION H.I.V.E by Mark Walden “A Taste for Quiet and Other Disquieting Tales” by Judith Gorog SWALK Collection of Short Stories by Sam McBratney Mr Vertigo by Paul Auster
SECTION 5: POETRY My Gramp by Derek Stuart Pachy, the Dinosaur-RICHARD ARMOUR Life Story by Frank O’Hara An African Thunderstorm by David Rubadiri
SECTION 6: DRAMA “The Race to live ” by Geraldine McCaughrean The Tiger’s Bones by Ted Hughes KES by Barry Hines and Allan Stronach Lovers by Brian Friel
SECTION 7: MEDIA STUDIES        

Section I Listening Comprehension (140 marks = 44% of the exam!), 40 minutes.
The Listening Comprehension takes place immediately before the Written Paper. Each of the sections might involve, for example, a conversation, a news item, or a radio item. The questions are in English and you must answer this section in English.
Section II Reading Comprehension (100 marks)
All nine questions must be answered and they involve multiple-choice and information retrieval. You must answer this section in English.
Allow 60 minutes
Section III Written Expression (80 marks)
You have to do two assignments (Answer (a) and (b)) and each assignment will involve specific instructions and items you must include.
Letter (50 marks)
Note / postcard (30 marks)
Divide your time carefully between the two assignments, leaving yourself some minutes to check over your work.
Allow 40 minutes. (Allow 10 minutes to read over your work)
General tips:
1. Don’t panic if the listening comprehension appears difficult there is plenty of time to answer the questions and each extract is played three times.
2. The first time around, listen  closely to the whole extract to familiarise yourself with the topic and with the way the questions relate to it. In general the questions follow precisely the order in which the information is given on theaudio piece. Write some notes in pencil when listening to the first extract , then write in pen when you are happy to submit the answer. 
3. Use the suggested time plan above to ensure that you have enough time to answer all of the questions on the written paper.
4. If you do not finish a question you can always return to answer at the end of the exam to check over your work.
5. For French  all the instructions are in English, so you must answer in English.
6. Read the questions careflly, then you re-read your answers  to make sure you are happy you have used the right tense.
7. Use capital letters for multiple-choice questions to avoid confusion for the examiner.
8. Use a pen(biro) rather than a pencil.

Section I Listening Comprehension (140 marks = 44% of the exam!), 40 minutes.
The Listening Comprehension takes place immediately before the Written Paper. Each of the sections might involve, for example, a conversation, a news item, or a radio item. The questions are in English and you must answer this section in English.
Section II Reading Comprehension (120 marks=37.5%)
All eight questions must be answered and they involve multiple-choice and information retrieval. You must answer this section in English.
Allow 60 minutes
Section III Written Expression (60 marks-18.75%)
You have to do two assignments (Answer (a) and (b)) and each assignment will involve specific instructions and items you must include.
Letter (40 marks)
Note / postcard (20 marks)
Divide your time carefully between the two assignments, leaving yourself some minutes to check over your work.
Allow 40 minutes. (Allow 10 minutes to read over your work)
General tips:
1. Don’t panic if the listening comprehension appears difficult there is plenty of time to answer the questions and each extract is played three times.
2. The first time around, listen  closely to the whole extract to familiarise yourself with the topic and with the way the questions relate to it. In general the questions follow precisely the order in which the information is given on theaudio piece. Write some notes in pencil when listening to the first extract , then write in pen when you are happy to submit the answer. 
3. Use the suggested time plan above to ensure that you have enough time to answer all of the questions on the written paper.
4. If you do not finish a question you can always return to answer at the end of the exam to check over your work.
5. For French  all the instructions are in English, so you must answer in English.
6. Read the questions careflly, then you re-read your answers  to make sure you are happy you have used the right tense.
7. Use capital letters for multiple-choice questions to avoid confusion for the examiner.
8. Use a pen(biro) rather than a pencil.

Geography Junior Cert  Higher Level Topics- 2 hours  -150 marks total
 
SECTION 1 (60 MARKS)
ALL questions to be answered.
You have an either / or choice within 3 questions
SECTION 2 (90 MARKS) Answer THREE questions.
Duration 2 hours
YEAR 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
Section A
  THE EARTH’S CRUST ROCKS THE EARTH’S CRUST ROCKS CRUSTAL PLATES CRUSTAL PLATES
  SOILS LIMESTONE FEATURES THE WORK OF RIVERS THE BURREN ROCKS MASS MOVEMENT
  RAINFALL RIVER EROSION AND DEPOSITION MASS MOVEMENT FEATURES OF GLACIAL EROSION MASS MOVEMENT RIVER PROCESSES
  THE EARTH AND ROCKS FISHING SOIL FEATURES OF SEA EROSION RIVERS OCEAN CURRENTS
  ROCKS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES LIMESTONE GLOBAL WIND PATTERNS CLIMATE STATISTICS DEPRESSION
  WEATHER CHART CLIMATES WEATHER FARMING TEMPERATURE MAP THE WATER CYCLE
  STATISTICS THE WORK OF MOVING ICE HUMAN MIGRATION POPULATION CHANGE POPULATION CHANGE SOIL TYPES
  MEASURING WEATHER THE WORK OF THE SEA RECLAIMED LANDS HUMAN MIGRATION POPULATION STRUCTURE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION (POPULATION CYCLE)
  MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS MEASURING WEATHER POPULATION DENSITIES GAS EMISSIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU) GRAPH DRAWING URBAN GEOGRAPHY
  COASTS WEATHER INSTRUMENTS CRIME RATES PLACES IN THE WORLD SETTLEMENT URBAN FUNCTIONAL ZONES
  GLACIATION MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY FISHING INTERNATIONAL AID FUNCTIONAL ZONES WITHIN CITIES ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
  DAYLIGHT TABLE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY WOMEN IN EMPLOYMENT PAST AND PRESENT SETTLEMENT ASPECTS OF SETTLEMENT CLIMATE
  GRAPH DRAWING BIRTH RATES AND DEATH RATES ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES TRAFFIC MOVEMENT TO AND FROM AN IRISH SETTLEMENT EXPLOITING IRELAND’S PEAT BOGS MEASURING WEATHER
  POPULATION DENSITY IN HONG KONG SETTLEMENT PATTERNS NORTH AND SOUTH RELATIONS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES PRIMATE CITIES MIXED FARMING AS A SYSTEM
  POPULATION MOVEMENT ASPECTS OF POPULATION THE WATER CYCLE NON-RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES SOIL. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
  PRIMARY ACTIVITY POPULATION CHANGE OVER TIME ENERGY TOOLS AND MACHINES USED IN IRELAND’S BOGS THE WATER CYCLE INDUSTRIAL LOCATION
  SOURCES OF ENERGY WESTERN EUROPE POPULATION MAKE UP INTERNATIONAL TRADE TYPES OF RAINFALL STREET MAP
  REGIONAL INEQUALITIES DEVELOPING WORLD ASPECTS OF POPULATION ORDNANCE SURVEY THE THIRD WORLD AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH
  TYPES OF SLOPES URBAN ZONES FARMING AS A SYSTEM ORDNANCE SURVEY ORDNANCE SURVEY - SLOPES ORDNANCE SURVEY 
  ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP BAR GRAPH URBAN GROWTH ORDNANCE SURVEY ORDNANCE SURVEY - GRID REFERENCES ORDNANCE SURVEY 
  ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH AND ORDNANCE SURVEY ORDNANCE SURVEY - AREA ORDNANCE SURVEY 
  AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP      
  ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH      
Section B
  1.The Earths Surface  1. RAINFALL, GLOBAL WARMING AND ACID RAIN 1. CLIMATE AND PEOPLE 1. RAINFALL AND DROUGHT 1. WEATHER, TOURISM AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES 1. CLIMATE AND TOURISM
  A-Mass Movement Relief Rainfall mountainous area annual precipitation Irish Weather “Altitude and Aspect can each affect the local climate of an area.”
  B-Weathering Acid Rain numbers of tourists large irrigation schemes Climate and Tourism “Climate makes some regions attractive to tourists”
  C-The Earth’s Crust Global Warming Climate and Development Some African countries Acid Rain “Large-scale tourism can cause major problems for busy tourist regions”.
  2. CLIMATE- 2. AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION 2. AGENTS OF EROSION 2. RIVERS 2. NATURAL RESOURCES, PROCESSES AND PEOPLE 2. SETTLEMENT AND URBAN PLANNING
  A-Type of climate An Irish Farm Feature of coastal erosion Feature of river erosion Weathering in the Burren influence population densities
  B-One climate Farming as a System Feature of coastal deposition Feature of river deposition Hydro Electric Scheme Northern Africa.
  C-Factors affecting climate Irrigation Coasts and People Rivers and People Depletion of a natural resource. Urban Renewal, Urban Redevelopment
  3. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 3.POPULATION, DEVELOPING WORLD CITIES AND BILATERAL AID Glaciation – The Work of Ice 3.GEOGRAPHICAL MIX 3.INEQUALITIES 3.NATURAL RESOURCES AND PEOPLE
  Fishing population pyramids Feature of glacial erosion Global Warming Life expectancy and child mortality rates. rock type
  Secondary Industry Developing World Feature of glacial deposition Population Change Cities of the South The Burren
  Ordnance Survey Map and Tourism bilateral aid Glaciation and People Irish Soil Types Inequalities within European states. fish stocks
  4. GEOGRAPHICAL MIX 4.GEOGRAPHICAL MIX 3.ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Fold Mountains 4.GEOGRAPHICAL MIX 4.GEOGRAPHICAL MIX
  An Unequal World Earthquakes The depletion of a resource. 4.INDUSTRIAL LOCATION AND URBAN STUDIES The growth of cities Sea Erosion
  Functional Zones in Cities Tourism Manufacturing industry Industrial Location Aerial Photograph Glacial Erosion
  Population Human Migration International Trade Urban Renewal Factors which affect climate. Population Pyramids
  Rivers The aerial photograph 4.GEOGRAPHICAL MIX Urban Functions Human Migration Organised Migration
  5. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH AND ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP 5.ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP An Irish cave 5.ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH 5.ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH War, Military Spending and Development
  Draw a sketch map Draw a sketch map Weather Ordnance Survey map. What is the direction 5.ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH
  give grid references Estimate in square kilometres Population change. two different tourist attractions Explain why there is little or no settlement Ordnance Survey Map
  Two reasons
why coniferous plantations
why the town of Wicklow developed Urban matters. two different land-uses shown on the Aerial Photograph Killarney and its surrounding countryside is a popular tourist area. straight line distance in kilometres
      5. ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH   Examine the aerial photograph why tourists may be attracted
      ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP     Aerial Photograph
      Draw a sketch map of      
      AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH      
      Use the ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP      

Geography Junior Cert  Ordinary Level Topics- 2 hours  -150 marks total
 
SECTION 1 (60 MARKS)
ALL questions to be answered.
You have an either / or choice within 3 questions
SECTION 2 (90 MARKS) Answer THREE questions.
Duration 2 hours
YEAR 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
Section A
    The Earth’s Plates The Earth from Space The Earth s Crust Shaping the Earth - Rocks Inside the Earth
    Volcanoes Rock Surface Features Earth s Crustal Plates Shaping the Earth s Crust
    Rocks The Atmosphere Weathering Weathering Direction - Ireland
    Weathering River Features Volcanoes River Features Ireland s Capital
    Mass Movement Rocks Rocks Shaping the Earth s Surface- Coastal Features Coastal Features
    Chemical Weathering Movement in Geography Our Globe Glaciation Glaciation
    Ireland – Directions Ireland - Direction Coastal Features Population Migration Weather
    River Landforms Coastal Landforms deposition Glaciation Population  The Weather Station
    Glaciation Glacial Landforms - deposition Weather map The Restless Atmosphere-Weather The Importance of Water
    Coastal Landforms Ordnance Survey Map Direction with equal atmospheric pressure Measuring Rainfall
    Our Living Soil Economic Activities The Ulster Plantation Economic Activities The Water Cycle
    Climate Weather map Population growth Transport and Industry Ireland s Climate
    Weather Fronts Overpopulation Population density Leaching Population Pyramid
    Measuring the Weather Buildings Climate Types The Irish Road network Migration
    Population Studies Footloose Industry Function Direction Foreign Visitors to Ireland
    Economic Activity – Factories The Composition of Soil Street map locations Ordnance Survey Extract Energy
    Economic Activity - Transport Ordnance Survey Maps Urban Geography Settlement Tertiary Activities
    Statistical Diagrams – Fishing Ordnance Survey Map Economic Activities Housing Fish Stocks in Irish Waters
    Grid References Forest Destruction Statistical Diagrams Primary Economic Activities Urban Areas
    Map Skills Energy Ordnance Survey Studies Statistical Diagrams The Aerial Photograph of Mullingar
    Urban Geography Settlement Grid References Grid References Ordnance Survey Extract
    Aid to Developing Countries Aerial Photograph The Developing World Aid to the South Ordnance Survey Extract
    Aerial Photograph Migration Land Values in Cities Women at Work Ordnance Survey Extract
Section B
    1. SHAPING THE EARTH’S SURFACE 1. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 1. SHAPING THE EARTH’S SURFACE 1. SHAPING THE EARTH’S SURFACE
    Landforms Landforms Rock two features of Coastal Erosion river erosion/deposition
    Earthquakes Rivers and Uses Rivers River Erosion THREE ways in which people use rivers.
    Extracting Rocks Rivers and Problems Rivers and People Humans and Rivers Rivers can also create problems for people.
    2. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 2. ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP 2. SOIL 2. EXPLOITING NATURAL RESOURCES 2. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH
    Farming as a System Draw a sketch-map Carefully study this map Peat Bogs Mark and identify
    Energy Resources – Oil and Gas two reasons why Galway developed main ingredients of soil Stages in the Harvesting of Bogs & Newer Technology TWO reasons why traffic congestion
    Tourism Write a letter inviting a friend for a holiday Soil is important in farming Over-fishing TWO of the services available in Mullingar
    3.ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP 3.FACTORY AS A SYSTEM 3.AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH 3. ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP 3. ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP
    Draw a sketch map factory that you have studied Draw a sketch map Draw a sketch map mark and identify
    Measure the distance in kilometres two reasons why the factory you have named developed a place on the photograph where you would like to live three tourist activities or attractions Transport
    ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage for building the hotel here. two ways in which industries can damage the environment what time of year was this picture Itwo reasons for the choice of this site. describe TWO important tourist attractions
    4.AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH – Wicklow 4.AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH 4.ORDNANCE SURVEY MAP 4.AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH – KILLARNEY 4. A FACTORY AS A SYSTEM
    Draw a sketch map Draw a sketch-map of Draw a sketch map Draw a sketch map TWO inputs, TWO processes and ONE output
    to locate one of your factories in this area describe two of the major areas of different land-use Drogheda is an old town to improve the town. Describe two things you would suggest describe THREE reasons why it has developed at its present location
    Human Migration three of the main services one advantage and one disadvantage of building a Shopping Centre at this location Name and locate three services provided by the town TWO ways in which a factory may cause damage to the environment.
    5.GEOGRAPHICAL MIX 5.GEOGRAPHICAL MIX 5.GEOGRAPHICAL MIX 5.A GEOGRAPHICAL MIX 5.A GEOGRAPHICAL MIX
      POLLUTION EARTHQUAKES Restless Atmosphere Fossil Fuels and Energy
    Temperature CLIMATE STUDIES RICH WORLD – POOR WORLD Earthquakes The Importance of Water
    Aid to Developing Countries POPULATION POPULATION STUDIES Protecting our Environment Development in Cities
    Our Environment SHANTY TOWNS   An Unequal World Women in the Work Force in Ireland

History Junior Cert  Higher Level Topics- 2 hours 30 minutes -180 marks total
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 AND 6
Pictures (15 marks - 8.25% of exam therefore 12 minutes)
Documents (15 marks - 8.25% of exam therefore 12 minutes)
Short Questions (20 marks - 11 % of exam therefore 16 minutes)
PEOPLE IN HISTORY (40 marks - 11 % of exam therefore 33 minutes)
Ques 5 (30 marks - 16.5% of exam therefore 25 minutes)
Ques 6 (60 marks - 33% of exam therefore 50 minutes)
YEAR 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004
Ques 1  Pictures Pictures Pictures Pictures Pictures Pictures Pictures
Ques 1 A Celtic times Middle Ages Neolithic Ireland Neolithic Ireland Middle Ages round towers  Ireland Emergency 1940s Middle Ages
Ques 1 B Medieval manor 1916 Rising Age of Exploration Middle Ages Archaeologist at work WW2 Nazis Northern Ireland
Ques 1 C Great famine WW2 Ireland 20th Century Renaissance Printing Ireland 1919-1922 Ulster Plantation WW2
Ques 2 Documents Documents Documents Documents Documents Documents Documents
Ques 2 A WW2 Archaeology is Rubbish Renaissance Plantations Industrial Revolution Ireland early 20th century WW3
Ques 2 B Womens Movement 1971 Irish War of Independence 1919-1921 1916 Rebellion WW2 Nazis Pre WW2  Ireland 1950 Ireland 1960s
Ques 3 Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions
Ques 3 a History Sources Prehistory History Sources History Sources History Sources History Sources History Sources
Ques 3 b Neolithic times Neolithic Ireland Neolithic Ireland Neolithic Ireland Neolithic Ireland Neolithic Ireland Middle Ages
Ques 3 c Neolithic Ireland Celtic Ireland Celtic Ireland Celtic Ireland Celtic Ireland Early Christian Ireland Middle Ages
Ques 3 d Bronze age Neolithic Ireland Early Christian Ireland Celtic Ireland Normans Early Christian Ireland Middle Ages Middle Ages
Ques 3 e Early Christian Ireland Middle Ages Middle Ages Middle Ages Middle Ages Middle Ages Renaissance
Ques 3 f Middle Ages Middle Ages Middle Ages Middle Ages Middle Ages Middle Ages Printing Press
Ques 3 g Middle Ages Middle Ages Renaissance Middle Ages Age of Exploration Renaissance Age of Exploration
Ques 3 h Middle Ages Renaissance Renaissance Age of Exploration Reformation Renaissance Age of Exploration
Ques 3 i Middle Ages Renaissance Age of Exploration Age of Exploration Renaissance Renaissance Age of Exploration
Ques 3 j Reformation Agricultural/Industrial Revolution Reformation Renaissance Reformation Reformation Reformation
Ques 3 k Reformation Transport Revolution Famine Ireland Renaissance Plantations Plantations Reformation
Ques 3 l Plantations Famine War of Independence Famine Ireland French Revolution Agricultural Revolution Agricultural Revolution
Ques 3 m Industrial Revolution Revolutions and Causes Irish Economy 1920's Agricultural Revolution 1798 Rebellion Ireland Revolutions Industrial Revolution
Ques 3 n Industrial Revolution Act of Union, 1801 Anglo_irish Agreement 1938 Transport Revolution Inventors 19th century Industrial Revolution WW2
Ques 3 o Irelnad 1921 Election 1918 First Inter-Party government, 1948-1951. American Revolution Ireland 20th century  Ireland 20th century WW2
Ques 3 p Emergency 1939-1945 Irish Civil War Nazi Germany. Northern Ireland 20th century Ireland 20th century  Civil war Ireland WW2
Ques 3 q Dr Noel Browne First Inter-Party government, 1948-51 Maginot Line? WW1 WW2 WW2 Ireland and England
Ques 3 r 1959-1966 Ireland Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985 WW3 WW2 Irish Politics 1950's WW2 20th century Ireland
Ques 3 s WW2 italy WW2 International Relations in the 20th century Irish Economy 1970's Irish Politics 1960's International Relations 21st century Ireland
Ques 3 t WW2 WW2 Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Northern Ireland 22nd century Ireland
Ques 4 People in History People in History People in History People in History People in History People in History People in History
Ques 4 A (i) (i) An archaeologist working on a dig. (i) A person living in a named ancient civilisation OUTSIDE of Ireland. (20) (i) A person living in ancient (pre-Christian) Ireland. (20) (i) An archaeologist working on a dig. (20) (i) A person living in an Ancient Civilisation OUTSIDE Ireland. (20) (i) A person in ancient Ireland. (i) An archaeologist at work.
Ques 4 A (ii) (ii) The lord or lady of a medieval castle. (ii) A monk in an early Christian monastery in Ireland. (20) (ii) The lord or lady of a medieval castle. (20) (ii) A monk in an early Irish monastery. (20) (ii) A sailor on a voyage of discovery during the Age of Exploration. (20) (ii) A monk in an early Irish monastery (ii) A young person in a named ancient civilisation outside of Ireland
Ques 4 A (iii) (iii) A settler who received land during a named plantation in Ireland during the 16th or 17th
century.
(iii) A named Renaissance artist from OUTSIDE of Italy. (20) (iii) A named religious reformer at the time of the Reformation. (20) (iii) A serf on a medieval manor. (20) (iii) A planter who settled on a named Irish plantation. (20) (iii) A knight living in a medieval castle. (iii) A named Renaissance painter or sculptor.
Ques 4 B (i) A named leader involved in a revolution (America, France or Ireland) during the period,
1770-1815.
i) A named leader on a voyage during the Age of Exploration. (20) (i) A settler who received land during a named plantation in Ireland during the 16th or 17th century. (20) (i) A named artist or sculptor during the Renaissance. (20) (i) A supporter of a named revolutionary leader during the period, 1770-1803. (20) A named leader involved in a revolution (America, France or Ireland) during the period, 1770-1815. (i) A settler who received land during a named plantation in Ireland during the 16th or 17th century
Ques 4 B (ii) (ii) A farm labourer during the Agricultural Revolution (ii) A mine or factory worker during the Industrial Revolution. (20) (ii) A German soldier who took part in Operation Barbarossa (the invasion of Russia, June 1941). (ii) A mine or factory worker during the Industrial Revolution. (20) (ii) A farm labourer during the Agricultural Revolution. (20) A factory/mine owner during the Industrial Revolution in Britain c. 1850 (ii) An old person describing changes that have occurred in communications in Ireland since 1945
Ques 4 B (iii) (iii) A named leader involved in one of the crises during the rise of the superpowers (Berlin
Blockade; Korean War; Cuban Missile Crisis)
(iii) A person living in Southern or Northern Ireland during the war years, 1939-45. (20) (iii) A named political leader in the Republic of Ireland during the period, 1960-1985. (20) (iii) A named leader in the struggle for Irish independence, 1900-1923. (20 (iii) A named leader involved in one of the crises during the rise of the superpowers (BerlinBlockade; Korean War; Cuban Missile Crisis). (20) A named leader involved in the struggle for Irish independence, 1916-1923. (iii) A news reporter describing a major event during the Cold War, 1945-1963.
Ques 5 THE AGE OF EXPLORATION PLANTATIONS IN IRELAND REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS Reformation RURAL IRELAND c. 1850 THE AGE OF EXPLORATION INDUSTRIAL ENGLAND AND RURAL IRELAND
Ques 5 A Columbus Henry VIII French king Louis XVI Reformation RURAL IRELAND c. 1850 Italian Explorers Ireland 1840
Ques 5 New world Plantation towns. Wolfe Tone, 1798 excerpts from the 95 Theses RURAL IRELAND c. 1851 English Explorers Famine Population decline 1840-1850
Ques 5 Explorations and effects Effects of Plantation REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS The Reformation changed the face of Europ RURAL IRELAND c. 1852 Impact of Explorations Industrial revolution
Ques 6 Ques 6 Ques 6 Ques 6 Ques 6 Ques 6 Ques 6 Ques 6
Ques 6 A RENAISSANCE (A) THE REFORMATION A) FROM FARM TO FACTORY: Social Change in 18th and 19th Britain. (A) ANCIENT CIVILISATION – OUTSIDE OF IRELAND (A) THE MIDDLE AGES 1100-1500 A. THE RENAISSANCE A. OUR ROOTS IN ANCIENT CIVILISATION
Ques 6 B SOCIAL CHANGE IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY IRELAND (B) SOCIAL CHANGE IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY IRELAND (B) SOCIAL CHANGE IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY IRELAND (B) SOCIAL CHANGE IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY IRELAND (B) SOCIAL CHANGE IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY IRELAND B. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY IRELAND B. REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS
Ques 6 C POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY IRELAND (C) POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY IRELAND (C) POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY IRELAND (C) POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY IRELAND (C) POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY IRELAND C. SOCIAL CHANGE IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY IRELAND C. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY IRELAND
Ques 6 D INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY D) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (D) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (D) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (D) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY D. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

History Junior Cert  Ordinary Level Topics- 1 hours 30 minutes -180 marks total
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 AND 6
Pictures (35 marks - 8.25% of exam therefore 17 minutes)
Documents (35 marks - 8.25% of exam therefore 17 minutes)
Short Questions (60 marks - 11 % of exam therefore 30 minutes)
PEOPLE IN HISTORY (50 marks - 11 % of exam therefore 25 minutes)
YEAR 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
Ques 1  Pictures Pictures Pictures Pictures Pictures Pictures
Ques 1 A Archaeologists Middle Ages Neolithic Ireland Early Christian Ireland Iron Age Archaeologists
Ques 1 B Early Christian Irealnd Boston Massacre Monastic Settlement Middle Ages Middle Ages Renaissance
Ques 1 C Middle Ages Industrial Revolution Plantations WW2 Industrial Revolution WW2
Ques 2 Documents Documents Documents Documents Documents Documents
Ques 2 A Famine Ireland Irish War of Independence 1919-1921 Exploration Exploration Exploration Famine, 1847
Ques 2 B Irish 1900's Northern Ireland 1930s Ireland 1919-1922 1916 Emergency 1939-45 Ireland 1930's
Ques 3   Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions
Ques 3 a History Sources History Sources History Sources History Sources History Sources History Sources
Ques 3 b History Sources Stone age History Sources Neolithic Ireland History Sources History Sources
Ques 3 c Early Christian Ireland Stone age Celtic Ireland Stone age History Sources History Sources
Ques 3 d Middle Ages Civilisation Early Christian Ireland Stone age Civilisation Stone Age
Ques 3 e Middle Ages Early Christian Ireland Middle Ages Celts Ancient Ireland Bronze Age
Ques 3 f Middle Ages Early Christian Ireland Middle Ages Middle Ages Ancient Ireland Celtic Era
Ques 3 g Middle Ages Middle Ages Middle Ages Middle Ages Middle Ages Early Christian Ireland
Ques 3 h Middle Ages Middle Ages Middle Ages Renaissance Middle Ages Middle Ages
Ques 3 i Reformation Middle Ages Renaissance Age of Exploration Middle Ages Middle Ages
Ques 3 j Reformation Age of Exploration Renaissance Age of Exploration Renaissance Middle Ages
Ques 3 k Reformation Age of Exploration Renaissance Reformation Renaissance Renaissance
Ques 3 l Plantation Renaissance Plantations Reformation Renaissance Renaissance
Ques 3 m Plantation Printing Revolution Reformation Revolutions Age of Exploration Reformation
Ques 3 n Industrial Revolution Revolutions Revolutions Agricultural Revolution Agricultural Revolution Reformation
Ques 3 o Industrial Revolution Revolutions Famine Industrial Revolution Transport Revolution Revolutions
Ques 3 p Irish war of independence Famine Unionism Industrial Revolution Famine Agricultural Revolution
Ques 3 q International Relations in the 20th century Industrial Revolution WW2 Ireland 1922-now Unionism 1916
Ques 3 r International Relations in the 20th century Industrial Revolution Ireland 1930's Emergency 1939-45 Irish Politics 1950's Northern Ireland Since 1920
Ques 3 s WW2 terms International Relations in the 20th century International Relations in the 20th century International Relations in the 20th century International Relations in the 20th century
Ques 3 t WW3 terms International Relations in the 20th century International Relations in the 20th century International Relations in the 20th century International Relations in the 20th century
Ques 4 People in History People in History People in History People in History People in History People in History
Ques 4 A (i) A person living in an ancient civilisation outside of Ireland. An archaeologist at work A person living in an ancient civilisation outside of Ireland. An archaeologist working  A person in Ireland during the Stone Age or the Bronze Age or the Iron Age. A person from a named ancient civilisation outside of Ireland.
Ques 4 A (ii) A named explorer who led a voyage of discovery A person living in Celtic Ireland A monk in a medieval monastery A craftsman living in a medieval town A monk in a monastery in early Christian Ireland, c. 500 –800 AD. A knight in a castle during the Middle Ages
Ques 4 A (iii) A named Renaissance artist A named religious reformer during the Reformation A named religious reformer at the time of the Reformation A named Renaissance artist A named religious reformer at the time of the Reformation. A named explorer who led a voyage of discovery
Ques 4 B (i) A named revolutionary leader (in France, Ireland or America) during the Age of Revolutions, 1770-1815. A settler in a named plantation in Ireland A named revolutionary leader (in France, Ireland or America) during the Age of Revolutions, 1770-1815. A factory-owner or mine-owner in England around 1850 A named revolutionary leader (in France, Ireland or America) during the Age of Revolutions, 1770-1815. A settler who received land during one of the plantations in Ireland during the 16th or 17th century
Ques 4 B (ii) A worker in a factory or a mine in Industrial England around 1850. A named Irish political leader (North or South) during the years 1918-1985 A worker in a factory or a mine in Industrial England around 1850 A named leader of government in Ireland after 1945 A Gaelic landowner who lost land during one of the plantations in Ireland during the 16th or 17th century. A factory-worker or mine-worker in England around 1850
Ques 4 B (iii) A named Irish political leader, North or South, during the period 1922-1985. A named leader involved in ONE of the twentieth-century international events below A person involved in the struggle for Irish independence during the period, 1916-1922 A leader involved in one of the twentieth-century international events below A person involved in the struggle for Irish independence during the period, 1900-1922 Leader of government in Ireland since 1920

HOME ECONOMICS – SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL Leaving Cert  Higher Level Topics- 2 hours 30 minutes -300 marks total
1. SECTION A - 80 marks.
Answer 20 (twenty) questions from Section A. All questions carry equal marks.
2. Answer the questions in the space provided.
3. The completed answer sheets for Section A must be returned to the examination superintendent.
4. SECTION B - 220 marks.
Answer 4 (four) questions from Section B. All questions carry equal marks.
YEAR 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
Section A: Short Questions        
  Nutrients persons energy requirements source of high biological value protein person’s food choices Fatty Acids healthy eating guidelines.
  Food High Iron increase fibre in the diet vitamins nutrients: Basal Metabolic Rate why a teenager may become a vegetarian
  effects of cooking on cereals empty kilocalories/energy balance reducing the intake of sugar cereal grain Define Coeliac condition effects of cooking on fish
  dietary guidelines TYPE OF SOUP terms displayed on food packaging classifications of fish factors that contribute to the spoilage of fish classifications of cheese
  ways to reduce the loss of nutrients uses of cheese effects of heat on milk cross contamination EU grading classes used for fruit and vegetables Explain terms
  What is a marinade? type of milk parts of the egg food is processed Classify soups type of flour
  consumer rights changes which have influenced shopping patterns function of the national consumer agency information does this symbol give to the consumer conditions required for the growth of moulds office of the Ombudsman
  advantages of household budgeting symbol give to the consumer information does this symbol give to the consumer deductions from an employee’s gross income commercial methods of freezing difference between gross income and net income
  What information does this symbol give to the consumer? examples of credit buying advantages of advertising Consumers’ Association of Ireland Supplementary Welfare Allowance good quality service
  examples of how supermarkets encourage consumers to spend money consumers can make a positive difference to the environment letter of complaint to a retailer services paid for by taxation Insurance Explain terms with pay
  gender equality/stereotype parts of the male reproductive system stages of human development consumer terms Office of Consumer Affairs digestive system
  function of blood cells factors that promote educational developmen female body parts reduce a person’s risk of coronary heart disease. safety considerations for textiles for household purposes alcohol abuse on society
  effects of alcohol on the body guidelines to ensure healthy teeth and gums types of permanent teeth respiratory system Section B female reproductive system:
  What are human resources? steps have been taken to reduce alcohol consumption why young people abuse substances Explain terms Human Meat Consumption 2002 functions of the lungs.
  What guidelines should be followed when using and storing cleaning agents? why good lighting is important in the home local amenities positive peer pressure More than one in three Irish women do not get enough calcium safety precautions when using electricity
  Give two advantages of good lighting in the home. biodegradable waste first aid treatment for a minor burn actions in the event of a gas leak convenience foods  types of accommodation for a student  away from home
  kitchen appliances methods of heat transfer waste management why houses should be insulated Family try to apply a management system soft furnishings used in the home.
  State the advantages of using fashion accessories room planning methods of conserving water colours Irish Constitution (Article 41) the State recognises the family as the natural, primary and fundamental unit group of society inorganic waste
  body measurements that are required when buying jeans influences fashion trends functions of clothing consumers can reduce the pollution Section 7 stains may be removed from a cotton jersey:
  machine stitches Name the stitch shown in the diagram ways to accessorise an outfit fashion terms Alternative methods of heating the home  why the thread may break when using a sewing machine
  method of removing the following stains from clothing function of biological detergent/fabric conditioner fabric care symbols indicate property of linen Design of modern housing. embroidery stitches
  sewing terms symbol give to the consumer uses of types of fabric suitable finishes  to fabric Good lighting is an essential part of successful interior design following fabric care symbols indicat
  stitch and use Explain the following textile terms Name the stitch shown guidelines when washing a delicate item Well designed clothes desirable properties of each of the following textile items
    when caring for a sewing machine methods of transferring pattern neatening a flat seam fabric made from manufactured fibres methods of transferring pattern
Section B    
  1.Tinned fish and fish as nutrients  1. Meat- nutritional composition of red meat 1. Soup- nutritional composition of soup etc. 1. Vegetables 1. Milk 1. Porridge Oatflakes
  2.Home Baking 2.Food processing 2.Fish 2.Eggs 2.Vegetarian diets 2.microorganisms
  3. Packaging 3.Consumer Information  3. Income and budgeting 3.Consumer 3.shopping outlets 3.advertising
  4.Digestive system 4. Circulatory System 4. Skin 4. human development 4. types of permanent teeth 4. types of families
  5.Planning a kitchen 5. Technology in the home 5. Planning Study bedroom 5. Microwaves 5. methods of heat transfer 5. Fire prevention in the home
  6.Fibres/Wool 6. Household Textiles 6. Natural Fabrics 6. Fabric for Physical Education 6. sewing machine 6. Wool is a popular natural fibre

HOME ECONOMICS – SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL Junior Cert  Ordinary Level Topics- 2 hours -240 marks total
SECTION A - 80 marks.
Answer 16 (sixteen) questions from Section A.
All questions carry equal marks
SECTION B - 160 marks.
Answer 4 (four) questions from Section B.
All questions carry equal marks.
YEAR 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006
Section A: Short Questions
  sources of fibre in the diet. reducing the intake of sugar sources of fibre sources of iron Fat in diet
  ways of reducing the intake of fat in the diet vitamins statements is true or false sauces are served with food statements is true or false
  reasons why it is important to eat a healthy breakfast food pyramid nutrients: sweet/savoury types of milk
  fish Explain  terms why some foods are cooked garnish/raising agent LEFT-OVER FOOD
  uses of eggs in cooking. sauce usually with roasted meats garnish suitable types of packaging rub-in/seasoning
  What information does this symbol convey to the consumer? using credit to pay for goods teenagers are influenced to spend money shopping on the internet types of credit
  sources of consumer information statements is true or false consumer rights statements is true or false. correct word from the following list
  advantages of saving money information does this symbol give to the consumer symbol give to the consumer symbol give to the consumer methods used to advertise goods
  true or false. outlets  which provide goods or services methods of advertising What is impulse buying? symbol convey(give) to the consumer
  physical change that occurs in boys/girls during adolescence advantages of using a bank account basic human needs major expenses that should be included in a household budget saving options you would use to save for a school trip.
  Ovulation is regular exercise correct word from the following list Physical development means personal hygiene products
  the nuclear/extended family why teenagers smoke cigarettes high self-esteem means guidelines to have a healthy lifestyle. ways of protecting the skin from the sun
  benefits of taking regular exercise  body terms personal hygiene guidelines respiratory system effects of stress on teenagers
  Colours symbol give to the consumer causes of accidents in the home reproductive system organic waste or inorganic waste
  type of insulation statements is true or false. colours symbol give to the consumer type of insulation
  which a consumer can protect the environment first aid kit items FORM OF INSULATION electrical appliances has a heating element first aid treatment for a minor cut
  functions of clothing symbols mean Name the stitch home fire safety equipment  fabrics is natural or man-made
  different fabric suitable for each of the following items of clothing why curtains are used in the home buying clothes symbol give to the consumer two embroidery stitches
  3 rules that should be followed when using a steam iron The selvage is Embroidery is used using a sewing machine material used to give shape to a garment
  Stitches rules  when using a sewing machine transfer pattern markings statements is true or false fabric care symbols
Section B
  1.Diet 1. Eggs 1. Breakfast 1. Fresh Fruit Salad 1. cheese
  2.Milk is a very important food in the diet 2.Fruit or vegetables 2.cereal grain 2. COMPOSITION OF OILY FISH 2.Country Garden Soup
  3.methods of advertising 3.type of packaging on goods 3.budget 3. You plan to buy yourself a new camera 3.Respiration cigarettes
  4.Skin 4. Puberty 4. types of teeth 4. family 4. packaging of goods
  5.Refrigerator 5. selecting and buying a cooker 5. hygienic home 5.Water is a basic household service 5. decorate a child’s bedroom
  6.Textiles in the home 6. why we wear clothes 6. sewing machine. 6. pair of curtains 6. why we wear clothes

Páipéar 1 Duration 2hours (150 minutes) - 100 MARC     
  Comment   Old Syllabus 2009 2008 2007
  ROINN I CLUASTUISCINT- 40 Marc -32 minutes A (20 marc)-SEÓ TALLAINNE NA HÉIREANN - B (20 marc) Comórtas TG4 ROINN I – SCRÍOBH NA TEANGA Ceist 1 Rogha ceann amháin as: − AISTE − SCÉAL / EACHTRA − DÍOSPÓIREACHT / ÓRÁID − ALT  − Rogha ceann amháin as: − AISTE − SCÉAL / EACHTRA − DÍOSPÓIREACHT / ÓRÁID − ALT  − Rogha ceann amháin as: − AISTE − SCÉAL / EACHTRA − DÍOSPÓIREACHT / ÓRÁID − ALT  −
  32 minutes should be allocated to Roinn I Freagair do rogha ceann amháin de A, B, C, D
  ROINN II LÉAMHTHUISCINT 40 marc -32 minutes 50 marks
  32 minutes should be allocated to Roinn II 1 out of 9 to do
    Allocate 40 minutes
  ROINN III TRIALACHA TEANGA COMHTHÉACSÚLA 20 MARC -16 minutes A (10 Turas Teanga) -B (10 marc) www.feachtas.ie Ceist 2 A-Cómhra  (tusa agus do thuismitheoirí) /     B- t-agallamh A-Cómhra (tusa agus do chara)  /     B- t-agallamh A-Cómhra (tusa agus do thuismitheoirí) /     B- t-agallamh
  Léamhthuiscint
70 marks
Answer A and B (35 marks each)
Allocate 40 minutes for each
  ROINN IV CEAPADÓIREACHT 50 MARC A. AISTE nó B. SCÉAL / EACHTRA nó C. DÍOSPÓIREACHT / ÓRÁID nó D. ALT        
  40 minutes should be allocated to Roinn IV   ROINN II – LÉAMHTHUISCINT (SLIOCHT LEANÚNACH) [30 marc] Amach Anseo-'Mars' BLIAIN IS FICHE AG FÁS-'The Simpsons' Ar Mhuin Na Muice-Mark Kavanagh

 

Páipéar 1 Duration 2hours (150 minutes) - 100 MARC 
Comment   Old Syllabus 2006 2005
ROINN I CLUASTUISCINT- 40 Marc -32 minutes A (20 marc)-SEÓ TALLAINNE NA HÉIREANN - B (20 marc) Comórtas TG4 ROINN I – SCRÍOBH NA TEANGA Ceist 1 Rogha ceann amháin as: − AISTE − SCÉAL / EACHTRA − DÍOSPÓIREACHT / ÓRÁID − ALT  − Rogha ceann amháin as: − AISTE − SCÉAL / EACHTRA − DÍOSPÓIREACHT / ÓRÁID − ALT  −
32 minutes should be allocated to Roinn I Freagair do rogha ceann amháin de A, B, C, D
ROINN II LÉAMHTHUISCINT 40 marc -32 minutes 50 marks
32 minutes should be allocated to Roinn II 1 out of 9 to do
  Allocate 40 minutes
ROINN III TRIALACHA TEANGA COMHTHÉACSÚLA 20 MARC -16 minutes A (10  Turas Teanga) -B (10 marc) www.feachtas.ie Ceist 2 A-Cómhra(tusa agus do chara) /     B- t-agallamh A-Cómhra (tusa agus do thuismitheoirí) /     B- t-agallamh
  Léamhthuiscint
70 marks
Answer A and B (35 marks each)
Allocate 40 minutes for each
ROINN IV CEAPADÓIREACHT 50 MARC A. AISTE nó B. SCÉAL / EACHTRA nó C. DÍOSPÓIREACHT / ÓRÁID nó D. ALT      
40 minutes should be allocated to Roinn IV   ROINN II – LÉAMHTHUISCINT (SLIOCHT LEANÚNACH) [30 marc] DEIREADH RÉ- 'Star Wars' Laochra Bhaile Phib-

Páipéar 2 -  Duration 2 hours (120 minutes) 120 MARC
Comment     2009 2008
ROINN I PRÓS LITEARTHA 30 MARC Pictiúr a Goideadh - A ( Buntuiscint )B ( Léirthuiscint Ghinearálta ) ROINN I - PRÓS LITEARTHA [30 marc] Dhá Ceist (15 marc) Ceist 1 : Dorád Deilf Ar Iarraidh Ceist 1 : Luath nó Mall
30 minutes should be allocated to Roinn I Ceist 2. Freagair A nó B anseo. Ní gá níos mó ná leathleathanach a scríobh. (15 mharc) ROINN II – FILÍOCHT [30 marc]    A- An Stoirm    A- Tram 15
    B- Oisín i ndiaidh na Féinne B- Turas
ROINN II FILÍOCHT 30 MARC An Púdal Béal Dorais nó Daonáireamh 1911    
30 minutes should be allocated to Roinn II A (Buntuiscint) /B (Léirthuiscint) ROINN III – LÉAMHTHUISCINT (GIOTAÍ GEARRA) [30 marc] Gaiscí Reatha/ An Traonach ag Filleadh ar Éirinn / Is é lá na gaoithe lá na dtúr in Dubai / Gruaig Rua Gwyneth Paltrow / Cruinniú na nÓg / Orpheus na nDéise / Ag Fanacht sa Bhaile
  Ceist 4.Ainmnigh dán Gaeilge (15 mharc) ROINN IV – LITIR A SCRÍOBH [30 marc] A-  Litir chig do thuismitheoirí / B Litir chig eagarthóir nuachtáin /   C- Litir chig do chara A- Litir chig do chara/  B- Litir chig do chara / C- Litir chig eagarthóir nuachtáin
ROINN III LITIR 30 MARC  
30 minutes should be allocated to Roinn II  

 

Páipéar 2 -  Duration 2 hours (120 minutes) 120 MARC  
Comment     2007 2006 2005
ROINN I PRÓS LITEARTHA 30 MARC Pictiúr a Goideadh - A ( Buntuiscint )B ( Léirthuiscint Ghinearálta ) ROINN I - PRÓS LITEARTHA [30 marc] Dhá Ceist (15 marc) Ceist 1 : Níl Aon Tinteán mar do Thinteán Féin Ceist 1 : Fuadachá Ceist 1 : Ní Binn Béal ina Thost
30 minutes should be allocated to Roinn I Ceist 2. Freagair A nó B anseo. Ní gá níos mó ná leathleathanach a scríobh. (15 mharc) ROINN II – FILÍOCHT [30 marc]    A- An Canaerí    A- Béal na Scornaí    A- Mac Drabhlásach
    B- Cuairt B- Sráidbhaile B-Cloisfidh Tú M'ainm
ROINN II FILÍOCHT 30 MARC An Púdal Béal Dorais nó Daonáireamh 1911      
30 minutes should be allocated to Roinn II A (Buntuiscint) /B (Léirthuiscint) ROINN III – LÉAMHTHUISCINT (GIOTAÍ GEARRA) [30 marc] Ceachtanna Tiomána/ Súil Eile Ag Wimbledon / Féile Thoraí / Tírghrá, Scoil agus an Ghaeilge Roghnaigh iasc ar son na beatha./ Ros na Rún / Scarlett Johannson / Ó Cairo go Cape Town Seachtain na Gaeilge Teoranta / Hillary Duff / I gCoillte Chonamara / Scéal an Innealtóra
  Ceist 4.Ainmnigh dán Gaeilge (15 mharc) ROINN IV – LITIR A SCRÍOBH [30 marc] A-  Litir chig do mhathairí / B Litir chig eagarthóir dírise /   C- Litir chig do chara A- Litir chig do chara/  B- Litir chig do chara / C- Litir chig eagarthóir nuachtáin A-  Litir chig do thuismitheoirí / B Litir chig eagarthóir dírise /   C- Litir chig do chara
ROINN III LITIR 30 MARC    
30 minutes should be allocated to Roinn II    

Páipéar 1 Duration 1hours 30 minutes (220 marks)
Marks Comment 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
120 ROINN I – LÉAMHTHUISCINT (120 marc) Ceist 1 - 30 marcs, Ceist 2- 30 marcs Ceist 3-60 marcs 1. Meaitseáil na pictiúir An Luichín Dána - An tSiúr Colmcille / Usain Bolt MADRA AR STRAE- Dáithí Ó Diollúin / Tom Crean – Laoch Antartaice / KIRSTEN DUNST – RÉALTA SCANNÁN Seanbhean- le Dolores Stewart / D.J. CAREY Teilifís - Gabriel Rosenstock / Eoin Pól II / Míonmarathón na mBan Mo Rangsa - Dónall Ó Colchúin / MV DOULOS (long) / Pierce Brosnan 007
2. Gailearaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann/ Bord Gáis/DEILF-FHAIRE Laoch na Lúthchleasaíochta / Éanna Ní Lamhna LAOCH NA hIOMÁNAÍOCHTA / EOIN COLFER – ÚDAR ARTEMIS FOWL
3.a Miley Cyrus/Hannah Montana b.JOHN BOYNE – ÚDAR CÁILIÚIL Laoch na Timpeallachta  
110 ROINN II – SCRÍOBH NA TEANGA (110 marks)  Ceist 1-  25 marcs, Ceist 2 -40 marcs, Ceist 3- 45 marcs Scríobh cárta poist /TEACHTAIREACHT RÍOMHPHOIST/Scríobh an litir/ Alt Cuntas Scríobh cárta poist /Scríobh an nóta/Scríobh an litir/ Alt gairid Scríobh cárta poist /Scríobh an nóta/Scríobh an litir/ Alt gairid Scríobh cárta poist /Scríobh an nóta/Scríobh an litir/ Alt gairid Scríobh cárta poist /Scríobh an nóta/Scríobh an litir/ Alt gairid Scríobh cárta poist /Scríobh an nóta/Scríobh an litir/ Alt gairid

Paper 1 - duration 2 hours 30 minutes (300 marks)
    2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003
Question 1 Arithmetic, bills, VAT, tax credits and exchange rates Arithmetic, bills, VAT, tax credits and exchange rates Arithmetic, bills, VAT, tax credits and exchange rates Arithmetic, bills, VAT, tax credits and exchange rates Arithmetic, bills, VAT, tax credits and exchange rates Arithmetic, bills, VAT, tax credits and exchange rates Arithmetic, bills, VAT, tax credits and exchange rates Arithmetic, bills, VAT, tax credits and exchange rates
Question 2 Rationals, decimals, square roots and set theory Rationals, decimals, square roots and set theory Rationals, decimals, square roots and set theory Rationals, decimals, square roots and set theory Rationals, decimals, square roots and set theory Rationals, decimals, square roots and set theory Rationals, decimals, square roots and set theory Rationals, decimals, square roots and set theory
Question 3 Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra
Question 4 Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra
Question 5 Quadratic graphs and equations Quadratic graphs and equations Quadratic graphs and equations Quadratic graphs and equations Quadratic graphs and equations Quadratic graphs and equations Quadratic graphs and equations Quadratic graphs and equations
Question 6 Quadratic graphs and equations Quadratic graphs and equations Quadratic graphs and equations Quadratic graphs and equations Quadratic graphs and equations Quadratic graphs and equations Quadratic graphs and equations Quadratic graphs and equations
                 
Paper 2 - duration 2 hours 30 minutes (300 marks)
    2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003
Question 1 Applied arithmetic Applied arithmetic Applied arithmetic Applied arithmetic Applied arithmetic Applied arithmetic Applied arithmetic Applied arithmetic
Question 2 Co-ordinate geometry Co-ordinate geometry Co-ordinate geometry Co-ordinate geometry Co-ordinate geometry Co-ordinate geometry Co-ordinate geometry Co-ordinate geometry
Question 3 Geometry Geometry Geometry Geometry Geometry Geometry Geometry Geometry
Question 4 Geometry Geometry Geometry Geometry Geometry Geometry Geometry Geometry
Question 5 Trigonometry, sin, cos and tan Trigonometry, sin, cos and tan Trigonometry, sin, cos and tan Trigonometry, sin, cos and tan Trigonometry, sin, cos and tan Trigonometry, sin, cos and tan Trigonometry, sin, cos and tan Trigonometry, sin, cos and tan

Paper 1 - duration 2 hours 30 minutes (300 marks)      
  2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004
Question 1 Sets Sets Sets Sets Sets Sets Sets
Question 2 Arithmetic Arithmetic Arithmetic Arithmetic Arithmetic Arithmetic Arithmetic
Question 3 Arithmetic Arithmetic Arithmetic Arithmetic Arithmetic Arithmetic Arithmetic
Question 4 Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra
Question 5 Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra Algebra
Question 6 Functions and Graphs Functions and Graphs Functions and Graphs Functions and Graphs Functions and Graphs Functions and Graphs Functions and Graphs
               
Paper 2 - duration 2 hours 30 minutes (300 marks)      
  2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004
Question 1 Speed, Distance, Time, Measure Speed, Distance, Time, Measure Speed, Distance, Time, Measure Speed, Distance, Time, Measure Speed, Distance, Time, Measure Speed, Distance, Time, Measure Speed, Distance, Time, Measure
Question 2 Speed, Distance, Time, Measure Speed, Distance, Time, Measure Speed, Distance, Time, Measure Speed, Distance, Time, Measure Speed, Distance, Time, Measure Speed, Distance, Time, Measure Speed, Distance, Time, Measure
Question 3 Statistics Statistics Statistics Statistics Statistics Statistics Statistics
Question 4 Geometry Geometry Geometry Geometry Geometry Geometry Geometry
Question 5 Co-Ordinate Geometry Co-Ordinate Geometry Co-Ordinate Geometry Co-Ordinate Geometry Co-Ordinate Geometry Co-Ordinate Geometry Co-Ordinate Geometry
Question 6 Trigonometry Trigonometry Trigonometry Trigonometry Trigonometry Trigonometry Trigonometry

Science Higher Level
Grand Total Paper (390)
Coursework
Coursework A (60)
Coursework B (150)
Grand Total (600)
Section/Question Mark- Duration 2 hours 30 minutes
Biology   2009 2008 2007 2006 2005
Q.1 (52) Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions
Q.2 (39) a-Digestive system -b -carbs/fats and proteins a- Human skeleton /  b- respiration a- urinary system /  b- enzymes a- germination/  b- digestive system a- respiration/ b- blood/ c- pulse rate a- Human skeleton /  b- respiration
Q.3 (39) a-Plant Photosynthesis -b- Plants reproduction Ecology a-female reproductive system/ b- ecology a-energy/ b- photosynthesis/c-deforestation a-food /b -microscope/cells
Chemistry
Q.4 (52) Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions
Q.5 (39) a-solubility Copper Sulphate -b- pH Scale a-catalyst / b- water hardness/ c-distillation a-solubility / b- periodic table/ c-distillation a-solutions / b- elements compounds a-acids/bases b-plastics/ c-chromotography/d-particles of gas/solid
Q.6 (39) a-Sulphuric acid -b- metal reactions a-Bonding/b-ions/c-alloys a-Bonding/b-pH scale a-CO2 b- water hardness a-composition of air/b-periodic table/c-corrosion
Physics
Q.7 (52) Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions
Q.8 (39) a- string extension -b- expansion and contraction of a gas a-density/b-LDR resistors/c-Potential difference a-electric charge/c and c-light  a- magnetism b-energy conversion c- moment of force a-mirrors b-heat c- fossil fuels energy
Q.9 (39) a-renewable energy photo cells -b- reflection of light -c- magnetism a-pressure boiling points/b-solar panels/c-velocity a-lauric acid/b-energy a- light b- circuits c-sound a-hookes law/ b-light/c-bulbs

Science Ordinary Level
Grand Total Paper (390)
Coursework
Coursework A (60)
Coursework B (150)
Grand Total (600)
Section/Question Mark- Duration 2 hours 30 minutes  
Biology 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006
Q.1 (52) Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions
Q.2 (39) a-flower- b- habitat -c- Plants food a- teeth /  b- digestion/c-diet/d-starch photosynthesis a- organs/  b- eye/c-experiment reducing sugar a-organs/  b- digestive system/c-limescale a- respiration/ b- blood/ c- digestive system
Q.3 (39) a-blood-b-respiration-c-pulse rate a-excretion/ b-skeleton/c-heart a-microscope/ b- ecology/c-plants food from sunlight/d transpiration a-starch in plants/ b- germination/c-phototropism a-plants /b -germination/c-ecology
Chemistry
Q.4 (52) Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions
Q.5 (39) a-hydrochloric acid-b-preparation of oxygen -c-copper sulphate a-separation techniques/ b-electrolysis a-atoms / b- water hardness/ c-hydrochloric acid a-separation techniques / b- carbon dioxide  a-separation techniques b-bonds/ c-electrolysis/d-hydrochloric acid
Q.6 (39) a-water two elements- b- hardness of water -c- treatment of water -d- pH   a-particles/b-solubility a-fossil fuels/b-solutions/c-separation technique a-atomic structure bonds b- fossil fuels/ c-acidic base neutral a-acid and bases/b-glowing splint/c-copper sulphate
Physics
Q.7 (52) Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions Short Questions
Q.8 (39) a- energy conversions-b- heating of metals -c- light experiment -d- reflection a-force and a string/b-sound travels in a medium/c-safety devices a-circuit/b-plug/c-magnetic field a- heat transfer /b-expansion metals/c- heat on gases/d-sound travel a-plug/ b-electricity/ c- circuit/ d-LED
Q.9 (39) a-Voltage current -b- LEDs a-volume/b-pressure/c-electric kettle/c-metal expands a-energy conversion bulb/b-fulcrum/c-speed distance a- circuit b- voltage c-electricity/d-light travels a-force/b-extension of a spring/c-energy conversion

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